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<title>Deep focus</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Deep focus</span></span>

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<p><b>Deep focus</b> is a photographic and cinematographic technique using a large <a href="Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">depth of field</a>. Depth of field is the front-to-back range of <a href="Focus_(optics)" title="Focus (optics)">focus</a> in an image, or how much of it appears sharp and clear. In deep focus, the foreground, middle ground, and background are all in focus.

</p><p>Deep focus is normally achieved by choosing a small <a href="Aperture" title="Aperture">aperture</a>. Since the aperture of a camera determines how much light enters through the lens, achieving deep focus requires a bright scene or <a href="Long-exposure_photography" title="Long-exposure photography">long exposure</a>. A <a href="Wide-angle_lens" title="Wide-angle lens">wide-angle lens</a> also makes a larger portion of the image appear sharp.

</p><p>It is also possible to achieve the illusion of deep focus with optical tricks (split-focus <a href="Diopter" class="mw-redirect" title="Diopter">diopter</a>) or by <a href="Compositing" title="Compositing">compositing</a> two or more images together using <a href="Focus_stacking" title="Focus stacking">focus stacking</a>.

</p><p>The opposite of deep focus is <a href="Shallow_focus" title="Shallow focus">shallow focus</a>, in which the plane of the image that is in focus is very shallow.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the foreground might be in focus while the middle-ground and background are out-of-focus. When avoiding deep focus is used specifically for aesthetic effect—especially when the subject is in sharp focus while the background is noticeably out-of-focus—the technique is known as <a href="Bokeh" title="Bokeh">bokeh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deep_focus_and_deep_space">Deep focus and deep space</h2></div>

<p>When deep focus is used, filmmakers often combine it with deep <i>space</i> (also called deep staging). Deep space is a part of <i><a href="Mise-en-sc%C3%A8ne" title="Mise-en-scène">mise-en-scène</a></i>, placing significant actors and props in different planes of the picture. Directors and cinematographers may use deep space <i>without</i> using deep focus, being either an artistic choice or because they do not have resources to create a deep focus look, or both.

</p><p>Directors may use deep focus in only some scenes or even just some shots. Other auteurs choose to use it consistently throughout the movie, either as a stylistic choice or because they believe it represents reality better. Filmmakers such as <a href="Akira_Kurosawa" title="Akira Kurosawa">Akira Kurosawa</a>, <a href="Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Stanley Kubrick</a>, <a href="Kenji_Mizoguchi" title="Kenji Mizoguchi">Kenji Mizoguchi</a>, <a href="Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a>, <a href="Masahiro_Shinoda" title="Masahiro Shinoda">Masahiro Shinoda</a>, <a href="Akio_Jissoji" title="Akio Jissoji">Akio Jissoji</a>, <a href="Terry_Gilliam" title="Terry Gilliam">Terry Gilliam</a>, <a href="Jean_Renoir" title="Jean Renoir">Jean Renoir</a>, <a href="Jacques_Tati" title="Jacques Tati">Jacques Tati</a>, <a href="James_Wong_Howe" title="James Wong Howe">James Wong Howe</a> and <a href="Gregg_Toland" title="Gregg Toland">Gregg Toland</a> all used deep focus as part of their signature style.

</p><p>For French film critic <a href="Andr%C3%A9_Bazin" title="André Bazin">André Bazin</a>, deep-focus visual style was central to his theory of realism in film. He elaborated in an analysis of how deep focus functions in a scene from Wyler's <i><a href="The_Best_Years_of_Our_Lives" title="The Best Years of Our Lives">The Best Years of Our Lives</a></i>:

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The action in the foreground is secondary, although interesting and peculiar enough to require our keen attention since it occupies a privileged place and surface on the screen. Paradoxically, the true action, the one that constitutes at this precise moment a turning point in the story, develops almost clandestinely in a tiny rectangle at the back of the room—in the left corner of the screen.... Thus the viewer is induced actively to participate in the drama planned by the director.<sup id="cite_ref-Bazin_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bazin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deep_focus_and_different_formats">Deep focus and different formats</h2></div>

<p>The choice of shooting format affects how easy it would be to achieve a deep focus look. This is because the size of the <a href="Image_Sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Image Sensor">sensor</a> or <a href="Film_gauge" title="Film gauge">film gauge</a> dictates what particular <a href="Lens_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (optics)">lens</a> <a href="Focal_length" title="Focal length">focal length</a> would be used in order to achieve a desired viewing angle. Smaller sensors or film gauges will require an overall range of shorter focal lengths to achieve any desired viewing angle than larger sensors or film gauges. Because depth of field is a characteristic of lens focal length (in addition to aperture and focus distance setting), it is easier to achieve a deep-focus look with a smaller imaging sensor or film gauge. For example, a 40mm lens will give a 30-degree horizontal angle of view in the Super35 format. To achieve the same viewing angle with a 1/2" 16:9 sensor, you would need a 13mm lens. A 13mm lens inherently has much more depth-of-field than a 40mm lens. To achieve the same depth of field with a 40mm lens would require a very small aperture, which in turn would require far more light, and therefore time and expense.

</p><p>Some filmmakers make deliberate use of the deep-focus capabilities of digital formats. <i><a href="Miami_Vice_(film)" title="Miami Vice (film)">Miami Vice</a></i> (<a href="Michael_Mann_(director)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Mann (director)">Michael Mann</a>, 2006), a movie that was shot digitally early in the conversion from film to digital formats, made use of this capability. Cinematographer <a href="Dion_Beebe" title="Dion Beebe">Dion Beebe</a> commented:

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<blockquote><p>We also decided that there were attributes of HD technology we liked and wanted to exploit, like the increased depth of field. Because of the cameras' chip size (2/3"), they have excessive depth of field that we decided not to fight, but rather utilize.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Split-focus_diopter">Split-focus diopter</h2></div>

<p>In the 1970s, directors made frequent use of the split-focus diopter. With this invention it was possible to have one plane in focus in one part of the picture and a different plane in focus in the other half of the picture. This was and still is very useful for the <a href="Anamorphic_widescreen" title="Anamorphic widescreen">anamorphic widescreen</a> format, which has less depth of field.

</p><p>A split diopter is half convex glass that attaches in front of the camera's main <a href="Photographic_lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Photographic lens">lens</a> to make half the lens nearsighted. The lens can focus on a plane in the background and the diopter on a foreground. A split diopter does not create real deep focus, only the illusion of this. What distinguishes it from traditional deep focus is that there is not continuous depth of field from foreground to background; the space between the two sharp objects is out of focus. Because split focus diopters only cover half the lens, shots in which they are used are characterized by a blurred line between the two planes in focus.

</p><p>The diopter gave the opportunity for spectacular deep focus-compositions that would have been impossible to achieve otherwise. In the <a href="American_New_Wave" class="mw-redirect" title="American New Wave">American New Wave</a>, director <a href="Brian_De_Palma" title="Brian De Palma">Brian De Palma</a> explored the possibilities of the split-focus diopter extensively, as did other '70s films such as <a href="Robert_Wise" title="Robert Wise">Robert Wise</a>'s <i><a href="The_Andromeda_Strain_(film)" title="The Andromeda Strain (film)">The Andromeda Strain</a></i> and <i><a href="Star_Trek%3A_The_Motion_Picture" title="Star Trek: The Motion Picture">Star Trek: The Motion Picture</a></i>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_modern_films">Use in modern films</h2></div>

<p>Starting in the 1980s, American cinema has developed a trend that film scholar <a href="David_Bordwell" title="David Bordwell">David Bordwell</a> calls intensified continuity.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bordwell claims that:

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<ol><li>The average length of each shot in a film has become shorter over the years</li>

<li>Scenes are built up by closer framing</li>

<li>More extreme focal lengths are used</li>

<li>The scenes include an increased number of camera moves</li></ol>

<p>This trend has led to deep focus becoming less common in Hollywood movies. As mentioned in Bordwell's second point, master shots where two or more characters hold a conversation have gone out of fashion, lessening the need for deep focus. In a contemporary Hollywood movie a dialogue scene may consist only of tight close-ups, with the master shot abandoned. If more than one plane in the image contains narrative information, filmmakers switch focus ("rack focusing") instead of keeping both focal planes sharp. In addition, modern sets tend to have less lighting for more comfortable working conditions, and use of deep focus tends to require more light.

</p><p>The development of intensified continuity may be due to directors' desire to capture the action or dialogue from many different angles and views. Getting these shots is called <i>coverage</i>. The film critic <a href="Dave_Kehr" title="Dave Kehr">Dave Kehr</a> explains it this way:

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<p>If there is a single word that sums up the difference between filmmaking at the middle of the 20th century and the filmmaking of today, it is "coverage". Derived from television, it refers to the increasingly common practice of using multiple cameras for a scene (just as television would cover a football game).<sup id="cite_ref-kehr-2006_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kehr-2006-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<p>To stage a whole scene in one shot is no longer common. Director <a href="Steven_Soderbergh" title="Steven Soderbergh">Steven Soderbergh</a> claims:

</p>

<blockquote><p>That kind of staging is a lost art, which is too bad. The reason they no longer work that way is because it means making choices, real choices, and sticking to them. (...) That's not what people do now. They want all the options they can get in the editing room.<sup id="cite_ref-kehr-2006_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kehr-2006-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> An extreme case of filming in one-shot is the feature-length film, <i><a href="Russian_Ark" title="Russian Ark">Russian Ark</a></i> (2002), recorded in one take.

</p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_uses">Notable uses</h2></div>

<p>The following films and television programs contain notable examples of deep-focus photography:

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Black_and_white">Black and white</h3></div>

<ul><li><i><a href="Foolish_Wives" title="Foolish Wives">Foolish Wives</a></i> (1922)</li>

<li><i><a href="Nosferatu" title="Nosferatu">Nosferatu</a></i> (1922)</li>

<li><i><a href="Greed_(1924_film)" title="Greed (1924 film)">Greed</a></i> (1924)</li>

<li><i><a href="All_Quiet_on_the_Western_Front_(1930_film)" title="All Quiet on the Western Front (1930 film)">All Quiet on the Western Front</a></i> (1930)</li>

<li><i><a href="Dodsworth_(film)" title="Dodsworth (film)">Dodsworth</a></i> (1936)</li>

<li><i><a href="Osaka_Elegy" title="Osaka Elegy">Osaka Elegy</a></i> (1936)</li>

<li><i><a href="La_Grande_Illusion" title="La Grande Illusion">La Grande Illusion</a></i> (1937)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_(1939_film)" title="The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1939 film)">The Hunchback of Notre Dame</a></i> (1939)</li>

<li><i><a href="La_R%C3%A8gle_du_Jeu" class="mw-redirect" title="La Règle du Jeu">La Règle du Jeu</a></i> (1939)</li>

<li><i><a href="Rebecca_(1940_film)" title="Rebecca (1940 film)">Rebecca</a></i> (1940)</li>

<li><i><a href="Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane</a></i> (1941)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Devil_and_Daniel_Webster_(film)" title="The Devil and Daniel Webster (film)">The Devil and Daniel Webster</a></i> (1941)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Magnificent_Ambersons_(film)" title="The Magnificent Ambersons (film)">The Magnificent Ambersons</a></i> (1942)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Best_Years_of_Our_Lives" title="The Best Years of Our Lives">The Best Years of Our Lives</a></i> (1946)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Stranger_(1946_film)" title="The Stranger (1946 film)">The Stranger</a></i> (1946)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Lady_from_Shanghai" title="The Lady from Shanghai">The Lady from Shanghai</a></i> (1947)</li>

<li><i><a href="Drunken_Angel" title="Drunken Angel">Drunken Angel</a></i> (1948)</li>

<li><i><a href="Macbeth_(1948_film)" title="Macbeth (1948 film)">Macbeth</a></i> (1948)</li>

<li><i><a href="Oliver_Twist_(1948_film)" title="Oliver Twist (1948 film)">Oliver Twist</a></i> (1948)</li>

<li><i><a href="Late_Spring" title="Late Spring">Late Spring</a></i> (1949)</li>

<li><i><a href="Stray_Dog_(film)" title="Stray Dog (film)">Stray Dog</a></i> (1949)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Third_Man" title="The Third Man">The Third Man</a></i> (1949)</li>

<li><i><a href="Rashomon" title="Rashomon">Rashomon</a></i> (1950)</li>

<li><i><a href="Sunset_Boulevard_(film)" title="Sunset Boulevard (film)">Sunset Boulevard</a></i> (1950)</li>

<li><i><a href="Detective_Story_(1951_film)" title="Detective Story (1951 film)">Detective Story</a></i> (1951)</li>

<li><i><a href="Strangers_on_a_Train_(film)" title="Strangers on a Train (film)">Strangers on a Train</a></i> (1951)</li>

<li><i><a href="Tokyo_Story" title="Tokyo Story">Tokyo Story</a></i> (1953)</li>

<li><i><a href="Ugetsu" title="Ugetsu">Ugetsu</a></i> (1953)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Crucified_Lovers" title="The Crucified Lovers">The Crucified Lovers</a></i> (1954)</li>

<li><i><a href="Sansho_the_Bailiff" title="Sansho the Bailiff">Sansho the Bailiff</a></i> (1954)</li>

<li><i><a href="Seven_Samurai" title="Seven Samurai">Seven Samurai</a></i> (1954)</li>

<li><i><a href="Mr._Arkadin" title="Mr. Arkadin">Mr. Arkadin</a></i> (1955)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Night_of_the_Hunter_(film)" title="The Night of the Hunter (film)">The Night of the Hunter</a></i> (1955)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Killing_(film)" title="The Killing (film)">The Killing</a></i> (1956)</li>

<li><i><a href="12_Angry_Men_(1957_film)" title="12 Angry Men (1957 film)">12 Angry Men</a></i> (1957)</li>

<li><i><a href="Paths_of_Glory" title="Paths of Glory">Paths of Glory</a></i> (1957)</li>

<li><i><a href="Throne_of_Blood" title="Throne of Blood">Throne of Blood</a></i> (1957)</li>

<li><i><a href="Tokyo_Twilight" title="Tokyo Twilight">Tokyo Twilight</a></i> (1957)</li>

<li><i><a href="Sweet_Smell_of_Success" title="Sweet Smell of Success">Sweet Smell of Success</a></i> (1957)</li>

<li><i><a href="Touch_of_Evil" title="Touch of Evil">Touch of Evil</a></i> (1958)</li>

<li><i><a href="L'Avventura" title="L'Avventura">L'Avventura</a></i> (1960)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Bad_Sleep_Well" title="The Bad Sleep Well">The Bad Sleep Well</a></i> (1960)</li>

<li><i><a href="Psycho_(1960_film)" title="Psycho (1960 film)">Psycho</a></i> (1960)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Hustler" title="The Hustler">The Hustler</a></i> (1961)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Innocents_(1961_film)" title="The Innocents (1961 film)">The Innocents</a></i> (1961)</li>

<li><i><a href="La_Notte" title="La Notte">La Notte</a></i> (1961)</li>

<li><i><a href="Yojimbo_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yojimbo (film)">Yojimbo</a></i> (1961)</li>

<li><i><a href="Birdman_of_Alcatraz_(film)" title="Birdman of Alcatraz (film)">Birdman of Alcatraz</a></i> (1962)</li>

<li><i><a href="L'Eclisse" title="L'Eclisse">L'Eclisse</a></i> (1962)</li>

<li><i><a href="Knife_in_the_Water_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Knife in the Water (film)">Knife in the Water</a></i> (1962)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Manchurian_Candidate_(1962_film)" title="The Manchurian Candidate (1962 film)">The Manchurian Candidate</a></i> (1962)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Trial_(1962_film)" title="The Trial (1962 film)">The Trial</a></i> (1962)</li>

<li><i><a href="Two_for_the_Seesaw_(1962_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Two for the Seesaw (1962 film)">Two for the Seesaw</a></i> (1962)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Haunting_(1963_film)" title="The Haunting (1963 film)">The Haunting</a></i> (1963)</li>

<li><i><a href="Seven_Days_in_May" title="Seven Days in May">Seven Days in May</a></i> (1964)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Train_(1964_film)" title="The Train (1964 film)">The Train</a></i> (1964)</li>

<li><i><a href="Chimes_at_Midnight" title="Chimes at Midnight">Chimes at Midnight</a></i> (1965)</li>

<li><i><a href="Red_Beard" title="Red Beard">Red Beard</a></i> (1965)</li>

<li><i><a href="Repulsion_(film)" title="Repulsion (film)">Repulsion</a></i> (1965)</li>

<li><i><a href="Nayak_(1966_film)" title="Nayak (1966 film)">Nayak</a></i> (1966)</li>

<li><i><a href="Persona_(1966_film)" title="Persona (1966 film)">Persona</a></i> (1966)</li>

<li><i><a href="Seconds_(1966_film)" title="Seconds (1966 film)">Seconds</a></i> (1966)</li>

<li><i><a href="Faces_(1968_film)" title="Faces (1968 film)">Faces</a></i> (1968)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Last_Picture_Show" title="The Last Picture Show">The Last Picture Show</a></i> (1971)</li>

<li><i><a href="Paper_Moon_(film)" title="Paper Moon (film)">Paper Moon</a></i> (1973)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Good_German" title="The Good German">The Good German</a></i> (2006)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Lighthouse_(2019_film)" title="The Lighthouse (2019 film)">The Lighthouse (2019 film)</a></i> (2019)</li></ul>

</td>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color">Color</h3></div>

<li><i><a href="The_Bridge_on_the_River_Kwai" title="The Bridge on the River Kwai">The Bridge on the River Kwai</a></i> (1957)</li>

<li><i><a href="Vertigo_(film)" title="Vertigo (film)">Vertigo</a></i> (1958)</li>

<li><i><a href="Floating_Weeds" title="Floating Weeds">Floating Weeds</a></i> (1959)</li>

<li><i><a href="North_by_Northwest" title="North by Northwest">North by Northwest</a></i> (1959)</li>

<li><i><a href="Breakfast_at_Tiffany's_(film)" title="Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)">Breakfast at Tiffany's</a></i> (1961)</li>

<li><i><a href="Lawrence_of_Arabia_(film)" title="Lawrence of Arabia (film)">Lawrence of Arabia</a></i> (1962)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Birds_(film)" title="The Birds (film)">The Birds</a></i> (1963)</li>

<li><i><a href="A_Fistful_of_Dollars" title="A Fistful of Dollars">A Fistful of Dollars</a></i> (1964)</li>

<li><i><a href="For_a_Few_Dollars_More" title="For a Few Dollars More">For a Few Dollars More</a></i> (1965)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Ipcress_File_(film)" title="The Ipcress File (film)">The Ipcress File</a></i> (1965)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Appaloosa" title="The Appaloosa">The Appaloosa</a></i> (1966)</li>

<li><i><a href="Rosemary's_Baby_(film)" title="Rosemary's Baby (film)">Rosemary's Baby</a></i> (1968)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Wild_Bunch" title="The Wild Bunch">The Wild Bunch</a></i> (1969)</li>

<li><i><a href="A_Clockwork_Orange_(film)" title="A Clockwork Orange (film)">A Clockwork Orange</a></i> (1971)</li>

<li><i><a href="Macbeth_(1971_film)" title="Macbeth (1971 film)">Macbeth</a></i> (1971)</li>

<li><i><a href="Aguirre%2C_the_Wrath_of_God" title="Aguirre, the Wrath of God">Aguirre, the Wrath of God</a></i> (1972)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Offence" title="The Offence">The Offence</a></i> (1972)</li>

<li><i><a href="Chinatown_(1974_film)" title="Chinatown (1974 film)">Chinatown</a></i> (1974)</li>

<li><i><a href="Barry_Lyndon" title="Barry Lyndon">Barry Lyndon</a></i> (1975)</li>

<li><i><a href="Jeanne_Dielman%2C_23_quai_du_Commerce%2C_1080_Bruxelles" title="Jeanne Dielman, 23 quai du Commerce, 1080 Bruxelles">Jeanne Dielman, 23 quai du Commerce, 1080 Bruxelles</a></i> (1975)</li>

<li><i><a href="All_the_President's_Men_(film)" title="All the President's Men (film)">All the President's Men</a></i> (1976)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Tenant_(1976_film)" title="The Tenant (1976 film)">The Tenant</a></i> (1976)</li>

<li><i><a href="Carrie_(1976_film)" title="Carrie (1976 film)">Carrie</a></i> (1976)</li>

<li><i><a href="Close_Encounters_of_the_Third_Kind" title="Close Encounters of the Third Kind">Close Encounters of the Third Kind</a></i> (1977)</li>

<li><i><a href="Nosferatu_the_Vampyre" title="Nosferatu the Vampyre">Nosferatu the Vampyre</a></i> (1979)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Shining_(film)" title="The Shining (film)">The Shining</a></i> (1980)</li>

<li><i><a href="Fitzcarraldo" title="Fitzcarraldo">Fitzcarraldo</a></i> (1982)</li>

<li><i><a href="Rumble_Fish" title="Rumble Fish">Rumble Fish</a></i> (1983)</li>

<li><i><a href="Brazil_(1985_film)" title="Brazil (1985 film)">Brazil</a></i> (1985)</li>

<li><i><a href="Full_Metal_Jacket" title="Full Metal Jacket">Full Metal Jacket</a></i> (1987)</li>

<li><i><a href="Jurassic_Park_(film)" title="Jurassic Park (film)">Jurassic Park</a></i> (1993)</li>

<li><i><a href="Casino_(1995_film)" title="Casino (1995 film)">Casino</a></i> (1995)</li>

<li><i><a href="Saving_Private_Ryan" title="Saving Private Ryan">Saving Private Ryan</a></i> (1998)</li>

<li><i><a href="Songs_from_the_Second_Floor" title="Songs from the Second Floor">Songs from the Second Floor</a></i> (2000)</li>

<li><i>Life or Something like it</i> (2002)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Pianist_(2002_film)" title="The Pianist (2002 film)">The Pianist</a></i> (2002)</li>

<li><i><a href="Peter_Pan_(2003_film)" title="Peter Pan (2003 film)">Peter Pan</a></i> (2003)</li>

<li><i><a href="Harry_Potter_and_the_Prisoner_of_Azkaban_(film)" title="Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (film)">Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban</a></i> (2004)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_New_World_(2005_film)" title="The New World (2005 film)">The New World</a></i> (2005)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Black_Dahlia_(film)" title="The Black Dahlia (film)">The Black Dahlia</a></i> (2006)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_History_Boys_(film)" title="The History Boys (film)">The History Boys</a></i> (2006)</li>

<li><i><a href="You%2C_the_Living" title="You, the Living">You, the Living</a></i> (2007)</li>

<li><i><a href="Zodiac_(film)" title="Zodiac (film)">Zodiac</a></i> (2007)</li>

<li><i><a href="Speed_Racer_(film)" title="Speed Racer (film)">Speed Racer</a></i> (2008)</li>

<li><i>Jennifer’s Body</i> (2009)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Ghost_Writer_(film)" title="The Ghost Writer (film)">The Ghost Writer</a></i> (2010)</li>

<li><i><a href="Carnage_(2011_film)" title="Carnage (2011 film)">Carnage</a></i> (2011)</li>

<li><i><a href="A_Pigeon_Sat_on_a_Branch_Reflecting_on_Existence" title="A Pigeon Sat on a Branch Reflecting on Existence">A Pigeon Sat on a Branch Reflecting on Existence</a></i> (2014)</li>

<li><i><a href="It_Follows" title="It Follows">It Follows</a></i> (2014)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Hateful_Eight" title="The Hateful Eight">The Hateful Eight</a></i> (2015)</li>

<li><i><a href="Ouija%3A_Origin_of_Evil" title="Ouija: Origin of Evil">Ouija: Origin of Evil</a></i> (2016)</li>

<li><i><a href="Suspiria_(2018_film)" title="Suspiria (2018 film)">Suspiria</a></i> (2018)</li>

<p>

</p>

</td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<ul><li><a href="Group_f/64" title="Group f/64">Group f/64</a></li>

<li><a href="Hyperfocal_distance" title="Hyperfocal distance">Hyperfocal distance</a></li>

<li><a href="Light_field_camera" title="Light field camera">Light field camera</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFBordwellKristin_Thompson2003" class="citation book cs1">Bordwell, David; Kristin Thompson (2003). <i>Film Art: An Introduction</i> (7th ed.). New York: <a href="McGraw-Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill">McGraw-Hill</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMerklinger,_Harold" class="citation web cs1">Merklinger, Harold. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130409135024/http://www.luminous-landscape.com/essays/bokeh.shtml">"Understanding Boke"</a>. luminous-landscape.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.luminous-landscape.com/essays/bokeh.shtml">the original</a> on 9 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 3,</span> 2009</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Bazin-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bazin_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBazin1997" class="citation book cs1">Bazin, André (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jrQmDSH1omEC&q=%2522andre+bazin%2522+%2522best+years+of+our+lives%2522&pg=PA11">"William Wyler, or the Jansenist of Directing"</a>. In Cardullo, Bert (ed.). <i>Bazin at Work: Major Essays & Reviews from the Forties & Fifties</i>. New York: Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">14–</span>15. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-415-90018-8</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holben, Jay: "Partners in Crime", American Cinematographer, August 2006.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bordell, David (2002). "Intensified Continuity: Visual Style in Contemporary American Film", in Film Quarterly, vol. 55, no. 3.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-kehr-2006-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kehr-2006_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kehr-2006_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKehr,_David2006" class="citation web cs1">Kehr, David (2006-11-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320224918/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/12/movies/12kehr.html">"You Can Make 'Em Like They Used To"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/12/movies/12kehr.html">the original</a> on 2012-03-20.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3:10-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3:10_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMertens2013" class="citation web cs1">Mertens, Jacob (28 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://filmint.nu/?p=10183">"3:10 to Yuma (1957)"</a>. <i>Film International: Thinking Film Since 1973</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBordwellKristin_Thompson2003" class="citation book cs1">Bordwell, David; Kristin Thompson (2003). <i>Film Art: An Introduction</i> (Seventh ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.</cite></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cinematic_techniques90" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cinematic_techniques90" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Cinematic_techniques" title="Cinematic techniques">Cinematic techniques</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em"><a href="Stage_lighting" title="Stage lighting">Lighting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Background_light" title="Background light">Background</a></li>

<li><a href="Cameo_lighting" title="Cameo lighting">Cameo</a></li>

<li><a href="Stage_lighting_instrument#Floodlights" title="Stage lighting instrument">Flood</a></li>

<li><a href="Lens_flare" title="Lens flare">Lens flare</a></li>

<li><a href="Rembrandt_lighting" title="Rembrandt lighting">Rembrandt</a></li>

<li><a href="Stage_lighting" title="Stage lighting">Stage</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em"><a href="Sound" title="Sound">Sound</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cinematic_techniques#Diegetic_sound" title="Cinematic techniques">Diegetic</a></li>

<li><a href="Cinematic_techniques#Non-diegetic_sound" title="Cinematic techniques">Non-diegetic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Narrative" title="Narrative">Narration</a></li>

<li><a href="Film_score" title="Film score">Film score</a></li>

<li><a href="Sound_effect" title="Sound effect">Sound effects</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em"><a href="Shot_(filmmaking)" title="Shot (filmmaking)">Shooting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Field size</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="American_shot" title="American shot">American</a></li>

<li><a href="Medium_shot" title="Medium shot">Medium</a></li>

<li><a href="Close-up" title="Close-up">Close-up</a></li>

<li><a href="Italian_shot" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian shot">Italian</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Camera placement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Perspective_(graphical)" title="Perspective (graphical)">Perspective</a></li>

<li><a href="Over-the-shoulder_shot" title="Over-the-shoulder shot">Over-the-shoulder</a></li>

<li><a href="Point_of_view_shot" class="mw-redirect" title="Point of view shot">Point-of-view <span style="font-size: 85%;">(POV)</span></a></li>

<li><a href="Shot/reverse_shot" title="Shot/reverse shot">Reverse</a></li>

<li><a href="Trunk_shot" title="Trunk shot">Trunk</a></li>

<li><a href="Single-camera_setup" title="Single-camera setup">Single</a> / <a href="Multiple-camera_setup" title="Multiple-camera setup">multiple-camera setup</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Camera_angle" title="Camera angle">Camera angle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Aerial_shot" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerial shot">Aerial</a></li>

<li><a href="High-angle_shot" title="High-angle shot">High-angle</a></li>

<li><a href="Crane_shot" title="Crane shot">Crane shot</a></li>

<li><a href="Low-angle_shot" title="Low-angle shot">Low-angle</a></li>

<li><a href="Dutch_angle" title="Dutch angle">Dutch angle</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Camera movement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Unchained_camera_technique" title="Unchained camera technique">Unchained camera technique</a></li>

<li><a href="Tilt_(camera)" title="Tilt (camera)">Tilting</a></li>

<li><a href="Panning_(camera)" title="Panning (camera)">Panning</a>

<li><a href="Shaky_camera" title="Shaky camera">Shaky</a></li>

<li><a href="Tracking_shot" title="Tracking shot">Tracking</a></li>

<li><a href="Camera_dolly" title="Camera dolly">Dolly</a></li>

<li><a href="Steadicam" title="Steadicam">Steadicam</a></li>

<li><a href="SnorriCam" title="SnorriCam">SnorriCam</a></li>

<li><a href="Follow_shot" title="Follow shot">Follow</a></li>

<li><a href="Dolly_zoom" title="Dolly zoom">Dolly zoom</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Lens effects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Focus_(optics)" title="Focus (optics)">Focus</a>

<ul><li><a href="Racking_focus" class="mw-redirect" title="Racking focus">Racking</a></li>

<li><a href="Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">Depth of field</a></li>

<li><a href="Shallow_focus" title="Shallow focus">Shallow</a></li>

</ul></li>

<li><a href="Zooming_(filmmaking)" title="Zooming (filmmaking)">Zooming</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Establishing_shot" title="Establishing shot">Establishing shot</a></li>

<li><a href="Master_shot" title="Master shot">Master shot</a></li>

<li><a href="Freeze-frame_shot" title="Freeze-frame shot">Freeze-frame shot</a></li>

<li><a href="Insert_(filmmaking)" title="Insert (filmmaking)">Insert</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Special_effects104" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Special_effect" title="Special effect">Special effects</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:5.0em"><a href="Practical_effect" title="Practical effect">Practical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Aerial_rigging" title="Aerial rigging">Aerial rigging</a> (<a href="Wire-flying" class="mw-redirect" title="Wire-flying">wire-flying</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Air_bladder_effect" title="Air bladder effect">Air bladder effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Animatronics" title="Animatronics">Animatronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Bullet_hit_squib" title="Bullet hit squib">Bullet hit squib</a></li>

<li><a href="Costumed_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Costumed character">Costumed character</a></li>

<li><a href="Creature_suit" title="Creature suit">Creature suit</a></li>

<li><a href="Dead-character_costume" title="Dead-character costume">Dead-character costume</a></li>

<li><a href="Kitbashing" title="Kitbashing">Kitbashing</a></li>

<li><a href="Miniature_effect" title="Miniature effect">Miniature effect</a> (<a href="Hanging_miniature" title="Hanging miniature">hanging</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Prosthetic_makeup" title="Prosthetic makeup">Prosthetic makeup</a></li>

<li><a href="Puppetry" title="Puppetry">Puppetry</a></li>

<li><a href="Pyrotechnics" title="Pyrotechnics">Pyrotechnics</a></li>

<li><a href="Rubber_mask" title="Rubber mask">Rubber mask</a></li>

<li><a href="Matte_painting" title="Matte painting">Matte painting</a></li>

<li><a href="Sugar_glass" title="Sugar glass">Sugar glass</a></li>

<li><a href="Theatrical_blood" title="Theatrical blood">Theatrical blood</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:5.0em"><a href="In-camera_effect" title="In-camera effect">In-camera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bipack" title="Bipack">Bipacks</a></li>

<li><a href="Bullet_time" title="Bullet time">Bullet time</a></li>

<li><a href="Dolly_zoom" title="Dolly zoom">Dolly zoom</a></li>

<li><a href="Forced_perspective" title="Forced perspective">Forced perspective</a></li>

<li><a href="Front_projection" class="mw-redirect" title="Front projection">Front projection</a></li>

<li><a href="Infrared_photography" title="Infrared photography">Infrared photography</a></li>

<li><a href="Lens_flare" title="Lens flare">Lens flares</a></li>

<li><a href="Lighting_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Lighting effects">Lighting effects</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiple_exposure" title="Multiple exposure">Multiple exposure</a></li>

<li><a href="Photographic_filter" title="Photographic filter">Filtration</a></li>

<li><a href="Rear_projection" title="Rear projection">Rear projection</a></li>

<li><a href="Reverse_motion" title="Reverse motion">Reverse motion</a></li>

<li><a href="Sch%C3%BCfftan_process" title="Schüfftan process">Schüfftan process</a></li>

<li><a href="Shutter_(photography)" title="Shutter (photography)">Shutter effects</a></li>

<li><a href="Tilted_plane_focus" title="Tilted plane focus">Tilted plane focus</a></li>

<li><a href="Time-lapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Time-lapse">Time-lapse</a>

<ul><li><a href="Fast_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast motion">Fast motion</a></li>

<li><a href="Slow_motion" title="Slow motion">Slow motion</a></li>

<li><a href="Speed_ramping" class="mw-redirect" title="Speed ramping">Speed ramping</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop motion</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:5.0em"><a href="Visual_effects" title="Visual effects">Visual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bullet_time" title="Bullet time">Bullet time</a></li>

<li><a href="Chroma_key" title="Chroma key">Chroma key</a></li>

<li><a href="Compositing" title="Compositing">Compositing</a> (<a href="Digital_compositing" title="Digital compositing">digital</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">Computer-generated imagery</a></li>

<li><a href="Go_motion" title="Go motion">Go motion</a></li>

<li><a href="Introvision" title="Introvision">Introvision</a></li>

<li><a href="Match_moving" title="Match moving">Match moving</a></li>

<li><a href="Optical_printer" title="Optical printer">Optical printing</a></li>

<li><a href="Smallgantics" class="mw-redirect" title="Smallgantics">Smallgantics</a></li>

<li><a href="Split_screen_(filmmaking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Split screen (filmmaking)">Split screen</a></li>

<li><a href="Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop motion</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-23" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Deep_focus&oldid=1302034450">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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